[17]:11 He could play piano pieces of Beethoven and Bach from memory. Due to this neglect of the injury, he had to be hospitalized again a month later when his bones had to be rebroken and realigned. He was Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center from 1960 to 1970. On 9 June 1945, two days before the originally scheduled handover of the Nordhausen and Bleicherode area in Thuringia to the Soviets, U.S. Army Major Robert B. Staver, Chief of the Jet Propulsion Section of the Research and Intelligence Branch of the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in London, and Lieutenant Colonel R. L. Williams took von Braun and his department chiefs by Jeep from Garmisch to Munich, from where they were flown to Nordhausen. [34] This included time spent in the Nazi party during World War 2. He recognized the military potential of liquid-fueled rockets and the ability of Braun. Walter R. Dornberger (later major general) was in charge of solid-fuel rocket research and development in the Ordnance Department of Germanys 100,000-man armed forces, the Reichswehr. After World War II, he went to the United States. It was written by von Braun in German in 1949 and entitled Marsprojekt. Wanting to learn more about physics, chemistry, and astronomy, von Braun entered the Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin for doctoral studies and graduated with a doctorate in physics in 1934. The situation was changed by the launching of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, followed by Sputnik 2 on November 3. He began as an Untersturmfhrer (Second lieutenant) and was promoted three times by Himmler, the last time in June 1943 to SS-Sturmbannfhrer (Major). According to FBI background checks, "any political activity he may have engaged in was a means to an end to provide him with the necessary freedom to conduct his experiments." In his spare time he assisted Oberth in liquid-fueled rocket motor tests. Space travel had always fascinated Wernher, and from then on he applied himself to physics and mathematics to pursue his interest in rocket engineering. Over the course of the program, Saturn V rockets enabled six teams of astronauts to reach the surface of the Moon. [96] Upon arrival, astronauts would establish a permanent lunar base in the Sinus Roris region by using the emptied cargo holds of their craft as shelters, and would explore their surroundings for eight weeks. Austria. [58]:51, At the same time, Hellmuth Walter's experiments into hydrogen peroxide based rockets were leading towards light and simple rockets that appeared well-suited for aircraft installation. Wernher von Braun: History's Most Controversial Figure? [34], In 1933, von Braun was working on his creative doctorate when the Nazi Party came to power in a coalition government in Germany; rocketry was almost immediately moved onto the national agenda. In 1920 his family moved to the seat of government, Berlin. 1994. von Braun, Wernher (1963) "My Faith: A Space-Age Scientist Tells Why He Must Believe in God", (10 February 1963), See the same article by von Braun, Wernher, published as "Science and religion", in.
[139] The conservative approach paid off when a fifth engine was added to the Saturn C-4, producing the Saturn V. The C-4 design had a large crossbeam that could easily absorb the thrust of an additional engine. [5] He worked for the United States Army on an intermediate-range ballistic missile program, and he developed the rockets that launched the United States' first space satellite Explorer 1 in 1958. It has not been ascertained whether von Braun's error with regard to the year was deliberate or a simple mistake. Through religion he seeks to know the Creator. [47] In 1963, von Braun reflected on the history of rocketry, and said of Goddard's work: "His rockets may have been rather crude by present-day standards, but they blazed the trail and incorporated many features used in our most modern rockets and space vehicles. He was the author or coauthor of popular articles and books and made addresses on the subject. In February 1970, Dr. Wernher von Braun, director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., was named NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning and transferred to the Agency's Headquarters in Washington D.C. In a face-to-face meeting with Herb York at the Pentagon, von Braun made it clear he would go to NASA only if development of the Saturn were allowed to continue. I think were celebrating people working together, which is getting to be a rare thing it seems like, von Braun said. WebParents and siblings Peter Constantine von Braun is one of three kids of his parents Wernher von Braun and Maria Luise von Quistorp. But by this time there was no longer a German rocket society; rocket tests had been forbidden by decree, and the only way open to such research was through the military forces. The Mars The residual propellant in the third stage would be used for the deceleration intended to commence only a few hundred kilometers above the landing site in a crater near the lunar north pole. However, he continued to work unrestrained for a number of years. [86] Von Braun was hypercritical of the slowness of the United States' development of guided missiles. Under his leadership, the Redstone, Jupiter-C, Juno, and Pershing missiles were developed. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wernher-von-Braun, New Mexico Museum of Space History - Wernher von Braun, NASA - Marshall History - Wernher Von Braun, Encyclopedia of Alabama - Biography of Wernher von Braun, The History Learning Site - Biography of Wernher von Braun, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Wernher von Braun, Famous Scientists - Biography of Wernher Von Braun, Wernher von Braun - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Wernher von Braun after surrendering to U.S. forces, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Corrections? The technical work carried out there had, in the meantime, attracted more and more attention in higher levels. [30]:61 However, this thesis was only the public part of von Braun's work. [137] The Mercury-Redstone BD flight was successful, but took up the launch slot that might have put Alan Shepard into space three weeks ahead of Yuri Gagarin. [30]:96 Neufeld further wrote: Von Braun, like other Peenemnders, was assigned to the local group in Karlshagen; there is no evidence that he did more than send in his monthly dues. WebWernher von Braun was born on 23 March 1912, in the small town of Wirsitz in the Province of Posen, Kingdom of Prussia, then German Empire and now Poland. [97], At this time, von Braun also worked out preliminary concepts for a human mission to Mars that used the space station as a staging point. A young female dentist who was an SS spy reported their comments. He worked as a rocket designer between the 1930s and 1970s. He traveled to India and hoped that the program would be helpful in bringing a massive educational television project to help the poorest people in that country. His advancements were instrumental in space exploration and in putting the first men on the moon. [127], During the local summer of 196667, von Braun participated in a field trip to Antarctica, organized for him and several other members of top NASA management. The ultimate purpose of the space station would be to provide an assembly platform for crewed lunar expeditions. [4], As a young man, von Braun worked in Nazi Germany's rocket development program. For fear of their documents being destroyed by the SS, von Braun ordered the blueprints to be hidden in an abandoned iron mine in the Harz mountain range near Goslar. President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service, Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords, concentration camp prisoners as slave laborers, List of German rocket scientists in the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Wernher von Braun Rocket Man for War and Peace. His lab was never able to get sufficient funds to go on with their programs. Before 1939, German scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions. [43] By the end of 1934, his group had successfully launched two liquid fuel rockets that rose to heights of 2.2 and 3.5km (2mi). However, he was no longer at risk of being fired. [129], In an internal memo dated 16 January 1969,[130] von Braun had confirmed to his staff that he would stay on as a center director at Huntsville to head the Apollo Applications Program. Then, Warsitz, you will be a famous man. A later project was much more modest, using only one purely orbital cargo ship and one crewed craft. His initial plans, published in The Mars Project (1952), had envisaged a fleet of 10 spacecraft (each with a mass of 3,720 metric tonnes), three of them uncrewed and each carrying one 200-tonne winged lander[96] in addition to cargo, and nine crew vehicles transporting a total of 70astronauts. For the Israeli photographer, see, Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences, Popular concepts for a human presence in space. The von Braun family wife Maria, and children Iris, Margrit and Peter, are honorary chairs of the Rocket Citys Apollo 11 50th anniversary celebration, a great thrill, von Braun said. April 2023 um 10:20 Uhr bearbeitet. [86] Whereas von Braun had thousands of engineers who answered to him at Peenemnde, he was now subordinate to "pimply" 26-year-old Jim Hamill, an Army major who possessed only an undergraduate degree in engineering. WebThe Mars Project (German: Das Marsprojekt) is a 1952 non-fiction scientific book by the German (later German-American) rocket physicist, astronautics engineer and space architect, Wernher von Braun.It was translated from the original German by Henry J. Each was launched successfully and on time and met safe-performance requirements. 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[30]:96. German-American aerospace engineer (19121977), "Werner Braun" redirects here. [86][101][102], Later (in 1959) von Braun published a short booklet, condensed from episodes that had appeared in This Week Magazine beforedescribing his updated concept of the first crewed lunar landing. [112] He publicly spoke and wrote about the complementarity of science and religion, the afterlife of the soul, and his belief in God. Dornberger arranged a research grant from the Ordnance Department for Braun, who then did research at a small development station that was set up adjacent to Dornbergers existing solid-fuel rocket test facility at the Kummersdorf Army Proving Grounds near Berlin. [64], Von Braun later claimed that he was aware of the treatment of prisoners, but felt helpless to change the situation. More people died building the V-2 rockets than were killed by it as a weapon. He personally witnessed this historic launch and detonation. Von Braun joined the SS horseback riding school on 1 November 1933 as an SS-Anwrter. [94], The space station (to be constructed using rockets with recoverable and reusable ascent stages) would be a toroid structure, with a diameter of 250 feet (76m); this built on the concept of a rotating wheel-shaped station introduced in 1929 by Herman Potonik in his book The Problem of Space Travel The Rocket Motor. Even the aspect of corpses did not touch him: On a small area near the ambulance shed, inmates tortured to death by slave labor and the terror of the overseers were piling up daily. In January 1977, then very ill, he resigned from Fairchild Industries. In 1957, with the launch of Sputnik 1, a belief grew within the United States that it lagged behind the Soviet Union in the emerging Space Race. "[58]:35, In June 1937, at Neuhardenberg (a large field about 70km (43mi) east of Berlin, listed as a reserve airfield in the event of war), one of these latter aircraft was flown with its piston engine shut down during flight by Warsitz, at which time it was propelled by von Braun's rocket power alone. [85], Finally, von Braun and his remaining Peenemnde staff (see List of German rocket scientists in the United States) were transferred to their new home at Fort Bliss, a large Army installation just north of El Paso, Texas. After a series of conflicts associated with the truncation of the Apollo program, and facing severe budget constraints, von Braun retired from NASA on 26 May 1972.
[63] Former Buchenwald inmate Adam Cabala claims that von Braun went to the concentration camp to pick slave laborers: also the German scientists led by Prof. Wernher von Braun were aware of everything daily. In 1954 a secret armynavy project to launch an Earth satellite, Project Orbiter, was thwarted. He returned to Manhattan on 26 March 1947, with his wife, father, and mother. We want to surrender. 
[118], The U.S. Navy had been tasked with building a rocket to lift satellites into orbit, but the resulting Vanguard rocket launch system was unreliable. His actual full thesis, Construction, Theoretical, and Experimental Solution to the Problem of the Liquid Propellant Rocket (dated 16 April 1934) was kept classified by the German army, and was not published until 1960. He worked with Walt Disney on a series of films, which popularized the idea of human space travel in the US and beyond between 1955 and 1957.[6]. Wernher von Braun, (born March 23, 1912, Wirsitz, Germany [now Wyrzysk, Poland]died June 16, 1977, Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.), German engineer who played a prominent role in all aspects of rocketry and space exploration, first in Germany and after World War II in the United States. As a student in Berlin, he would often be seen in the evenings in the company of two girlfriends at once. Shortly after this, Von Braun founded his own private rocket development business in Berlin, through which made the first rocket fired by gasoline and liquid oxygen. At the end of the war, the United States had entered the field of guided missiles with practically no previous experience. An artillery captain, Walter Dornberger, arranged an Ordnance Department research grant for von Braun, who then worked next to Dornberger's existing solid-fuel rocket test site at Kummersdorf. [53] The facility was salvaged and most of the engineering team remained unharmed; however, the raids killed von Braun's engine designer Walter Thiel and Chief Engineer Walther, and the rocket program was delayed. There is evidence, however, that British intelligence and scientists were the first to interview him in depth, eager to gain information that they knew U.S. officials would deny them. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [51], On 22 December 1942, Adolf Hitler ordered the production of the A-4 as a "vengeance weapon", and the Peenemnde group developed it to target London. bombers. Wernher von Braun, (born March 23, 1912, Wirsitz, Germany [now Wyrzysk, Poland]died June 16, 1977, Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.), German engineer who played a prominent role in all aspects of rocketry and space exploration, first in Germany and after World War II in the United States. 
President John F. Kennedy with German aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama, If this was the so-called Bckebo Bomb, it had been procured by the British in exchange for Spitfires; Annapolis would have received some parts from them. [107] In an unnamed religious magazine he stated: One day in Fort Bliss, a neighbor called and asked if I would like to go to church with him. WebWernher Magnus Maximilian svobodn pn von Braun ( 23. bezna 1912 Wirsitz 16. ervna 1977 Alexandria) byl nmeck konstruktr raket. [31] In a 1952 memoir article he admitted that, at that time, he "fared relatively rather well under totalitarianism". The engineering and astronautical parameters of this gigantic mission were thoroughly calculated. The Allies realised that the V2 was a machine, unlike anything they had developed themselves. Von Braun claimed to have replied that the problems were merely technical and he was confident that they would be solved with Dornberger's assistance. In 1960, the family had their The 14 May 1950 headline of The Huntsville Times ("Dr. von Braun Says Rocket Flights Possible to Moon") might have marked the beginning of these efforts. A turning point in his life occurred in 1925 when he acquired a copy of Die Rakete zu den Planetenrumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Space) by a rocket pioneer, Hermann Oberth. Von Braun's engines used direct combustion and created fire, while the Walter devices used hot vapors from a chemical reaction, but both created thrust and provided high speed. [124][125] During Apollo, he worked closely with former Peenemnde teammate, Kurt H. Debus, the first director of the Kennedy Space Center. Von Braun initially pushed for a flight engineering concept that called for an Earth orbit rendezvous technique (the approach he had argued for building his space station), but in 1962, he converted to the lunar orbit rendezvous concept that was subsequently realized. "[105] Nevertheless, in 1945 he explained his decision to surrender to the Western Allies, rather than Russians, as being influenced by a desire to share rocket technology with people who followed the Bible. [110], At a Gideons conference in 2004, W. Albert Wilson, a former pilot and NASA employee, claimed that he had talked with von Braun about the Christian faith while von Braun was working for NASA, and believed that conversation had been instrumental in von Braun's conversion. Piccard is said to have responded with encouraging words.[27]. Brauns early interest in astronomy and the realm of space never left him thereafter. Von Braun's ideas rode a publicity wave that was created by science fiction movies and stories. [121], After the flight of Mercury-Redstone 2 in January 1961 experienced a string of problems, von Braun insisted on one more test before the Redstone could be deemed man-rated. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. August 1892 in Krenzow, Vorpommern; 22. After Wernher's Confirmation, his mother gave him a telescope, and he developed a passion for astronomy. He replied on the spot that if I wanted to continue our mutual work, I had no alternative but to join.
But he is seen in some photographs with the party's swastika pin in his lapel it was politically useful to demonstrate his membership. A V-2 crashed in Sweden and some parts were sent to an Annapolis lab where Goddard was doing research for the Navy. Upon investigation by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation on 1 May 1961 advised that "there was no record of an arrest in their respective files"[72] suggesting that Von Braun's imprisonment was wiped from German prison records at a point after his conditional release or after the Nazi regime had fallen. By the fall of 1932 the rocket society was experiencing grave financial difficulties. On March 1, 1947, having received permission to go back to Germany and return with his bride, he married her in a Lutheran Church in Land shut, Germany. WebDuring his stay at Fort Bliss, von Braun mailed a marriage proposal to 18-year-old Maria Luise von Quistorp (born June 10, 1928), his cousin on his mother's side. The desk from which he guided America's entry into the space race remains on display there. [50], In response to Goddard's claims, von Braun said "at no time in Germany did I or any of my associates ever see a Goddard patent". WebThe German-born American space scientist Wernher von Braun, the "father of space travel," developed the first practical space rockets and launch vehicles. [81][82] The team included the young L.S. [19], The world's first large-scale experimental rocket program was Opel RAK under the leadership of Fritz von Opel and Max Valier during the late 1920s leading to the first crewed rocket cars and rocket planes,[20][21] which paved the way for the Nazi era V2 program and US and Soviet activities from 1950 onwards. [111], Later in life, he joined an Episcopal congregation,[107] and became increasingly religious.
But, Prof. Wernher von Braun passed them so close that he was almost touching the corpses. His overly cautious nature brought about clashes with other people involved in the program, who argued that MR-2's technical issues were simple and had been resolved shortly after the flight. [65], According to Andr Sellier, a French historian and survivor of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp, Heinrich Himmler had von Braun come to his Feldkommandostelle Hochwald HQ in East Prussia in February 1944. Nejprve pracoval pro nacistick Nmecko, kdy zkonstruoval mimo jin raketu V-2, kterou Nmecko ostelovalo Londn. [104] As described by Ernst Stuhlinger and Frederick I. Ordway III: "Throughout his younger years, von Braun did not show signs of religious devotion, or even an interest in things related to the church or to biblical teachings. As they went along the corridors, they saw the exhaustion of the inmates, their arduous work and their pain. Sie war die Ehefrau Wernher von Brauns . Following von Braun's 7 July 1943 presentation of a color movie showing an A-4 taking off, Hitler was so enthusiastic that he personally made von Braun a professor shortly thereafter. The time when von Braun learned about the disease is generally given as between 1973 and 1976. Jahrhunderts", "Recollections of Childhood: Early Experiences in Rocketry as Told by Werner von Braun 1963", "Wernher von Braun, the SS, and Concentration Camp Labor: Questions of Moral, Political, and Criminal Responsibility", "V2: The Nazi rocket that launched the space age", "Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun", "Highlights in German Rocket Development from 19271945", "Fact check: Nazi scientists were brought to work for U.S. through Operation Paperclip", "Overcast, Paperclip, Osoaviakhim - Looting and the Transfer of German Military Technology", "The Pretty German Seaside Resort with a Dark Past - Start Travel", "Outstanding German Scientists Being Brought to U.S", "Wernher von Braun | Encyclopedia of Alabama", "Yes, the 'Von Braun' Space Hotel Idea Is Wild. When the 1975 National Medal of Science was awarded to him in early 1977, he had been hospitalized, and was unable to attend the White House ceremony. Mike Wallace, television biography of Wernher von Braun, video clip of the press statement. [58]:30 After he familiarized Warsitz with a test-stand run, showing him the corresponding apparatus in the aircraft, he asked: "Are you with us and will you test the rocket in the air? [122] Three weeks later on 5 May, von Braun's team successfully launched Alan Shepard into space. [86], While at Fort Bliss, they trained military, industrial, and university personnel in the intricacies of rockets and guided missiles. In March 1970 Braun was transferred to NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., as deputy associate administrator for planning. Editor, GV. Later in 1936, Erich Warsitz was seconded by the RLM to von Braun and Heinkel, because he had been recognized as one of the most experienced test pilots of the time, and because he also had an extraordinary fund of technical knowledge. Frequently, von Braun worked with fellow German-born space advocate and science writer Willy Ley to publish his concepts, which, unsurprisingly, were heavy on the engineering side and anticipated many technical aspects of space flight that later became reality. His injuries were serious, but he insisted that his arm be set in a cast so he could leave the hospital. After the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was formed to carry out the U.S. space program, Braun and his organization were transferred from the army to that agency. Within a few months Braun and about 100 members of his group were at the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps test site at White Sands, New Mexico, where they tested, assembled, and supervised the launching of captured V-2s for high-altitude research purposes. Maria Luise Freifrau von Braun (n e von Quistorp; born 10 June 1928, Berlin) is the widow of rocketry pioneer Wernher von Braun. He was, however, too ill to attend the White House ceremony. [30]:9697 Yet, he also wrote that "to us, Hitler was still only a pompous fool with a Charlie Chaplin moustache"[32] and that he perceived him as "another Napoleon" who was "wholly without scruples, a godless man who thought himself the only god". The initial broadcast devoted to space exploration was Man in Space, which first went on air on 9 March 1955, drawing 40 million viewers. Rocket researcher Wernher von Braun and his wife at the deplaining at airport Fuhlsbttel on 30th June 1969, for a private visit in Hamburg. In 1952, the family had another child named Margrit Ccile. One remarkable feature of this technical tale is that the engineer von Braun anticipated a medical phenomenon that would become apparent only years later: being a veteran astronaut with no history of serious adverse reactions to weightlessness offers no protection against becoming unexpectedly and violently spacesick. WebWernher von Braun, born 23 March 1912 (Saturday) - Wyrzysk / Wirsitz, Pologne, deceased 16 June 1977 (Thursday) - Alexandria, Virginia, USA aged 65 years old, Pionnier de l'astronautique. [80] Initially, he was recruited to the U.S. under a program called Operation Overcast, subsequently known as Operation Paperclip. [86], NASA was established by law on 29 July 1958. Her late husband led America to the Moon while serving as the Marshall Space Flight Center's first director from 1 July 1960 until 17 January 1970. WebWernher von Braun was born on March 23, 1912 in the small town of Wirsitz, in the Posen Province, of the former German Empire. Wilhelm Exner Medal. Juni 1928 in Berlin) ist eine deutsche Adlige. [76] On 2 May 1945, upon finding an American private from the U.S. 44th Infantry Division, von Braun's brother and fellow rocket engineer, Magnus, approached the soldier on a bicycle, calling out in broken English: "My name is Magnus von Braun. He left the following year. He belonged to a noble family, inheriting the German title of Freiherr (equivalent to Baron). I asked him what to do. This much-less-peaceful aspect of von Braun's "drive for space" has been reviewed by Michael J. Neufeld from the Space History Division of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington. [90], As director of the Development Operations Division of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, von Braun, with his team, then developed the Jupiter-C, a modified Redstone rocket. In 1939, Von Braun was appointed a technical advisor at Peenemunde Proving Ground on the Baltic Sea. Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (US: /vrnr vn bran/ VUR-nr von BROWN, German: [vnhe fn ban]; 23 March 1912 16 June 1977) was a German and American aerospace engineer[3] and space architect. He also was instrumental in the launching of the experimental Applications Technology Satellite. After all, he said, if we are good, its because weve had 15 more years of experience in making mistakes and learning from them!. This is a portrait of Maria von Braun, wife of the famous Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) director Wernher von Braun. WebName Back-links Rang 2023 02 Zugriffe pro Tag 2023 02 Rang 2023 03 Zugriffe pro Tag 2023 03 Anmerkungen / Bearbeiter Der Schwarm (Fernsehserie) Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 3. Film and television In 1932 he graduated from the Technical Institute with a B.S. At that time Capt. [79], Von Braun was briefly detained at the "Dustbin" interrogation center at Kransberg Castle, where the elite of Nazi Germany's economic, scientific and technological sectors were debriefed by U.S. and British intelligence officials. [144][145] He is buried on Valley Road at the Ivy Hill Cemetery in Alexandria. [17]:3840, The unsuspecting von Braun was detained on 14 March (or 15 March),[68] 1944, and was taken to a Gestapo cell in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland). I told him I was so busy with my rocket work that I had no time to spare for any political activity. His parents got married around 1947. The V2 programme was hugely expensive in terms of lives, with the Nazis using slave labour to manufacture these rockets. Thus, my refusal to join the party would have meant that I would have to abandon the work of my life. Von Braun had originally proposed such an idea in 1954, but it was denied at the time. Over the nights of 1718 August 1943, RAF Bomber Command's Operation Hydra dispatched raids on the Peenemnde camp consisting of 596 aircraft, and dropped 1,800 tons of explosives. The Opel RAK program and the spectacular public demonstrations of ground and air vehicles drew large crowds, as well as caused global public excitement as the so-called "Rocket Rumble" and had a large long-lasting impact on later spaceflight pioneers, in particular on Wernher von Braun. I would be awarded the rank of a[n] "Untersturmfuehrer" (lieutenant) and it were [sic] a very definite desire of Himmler that I attend his invitation to join. In 1975 he founded the National Space Institute, a private organization whose objective was to gain public support and understanding of space activities.
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