Case Study Research: Design and Methods (4th ed.). Typically, a researcher will decide for one (or multiple) data collection techniques while considering its overall appropriateness to their research, along with other practical factors, such as: desired and feasible sampling strategy, expected quality of the collected data, estimated costs, predicted nonresponse rates, expected level of measure errors, and length of the data collection period (Lyberg and Kasprzyk, 1991). Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 18(10), 727-757. So communication of the nature of the abstractions is critical. Since the assignment to treatment or control is random, it effectively rules out almost any other possible explanation of the effect. Data are gathered before the independent variables are introduced, but the final form is not usually known until after the independent variables have been introduced and the after data has been collected (Jenkins, 1985). The second cornerstone is an emphasis on (post-)positivist philosophy. Validity describes whether the operationalizations and the collected data share the true meaning of the constructs that the researchers set out to measure. Orne, M. T. (1962). Data can be measured and quantified. Springer. There are typically three forms of randomization employed in social science research methods. QtPR is a set of methods and techniques that allows IS researchers to answer research questions about the interaction of humans and digital information and communication technologies within the sociotechnical systems of which they are comprised. Sources of data are of less concern in identifying an approach as being QtPR than the fact that numbers about empirical observations lie at the core of the scientific evidence assembled. This discovery, basically uncontended to this day, found that the underlying laws of nature (in Heisenbergs case, the movement and position of atomic particles), were not perfectly predictable, that is to say, deterministic. The measure used as a control variable the pretest or pertinent variable is called a covariate (Kerlinger, 1986). (2014). Data analysis techniques include univariate analysis (such as analysis of single-variable distributions), bivariate analysis, and more generally, multivariate analysis. The theory base itself will provide boundary conditions so that we can see that we are talking about a theory of how systems are designed (i.e., a co-creative process between users and developers) and how successful these systems then are. WebInformation and Communication Technology (ICT) has undoubtedly forms an important channel for improving student learning through continuous access to information and knowledge development.

571-586. It is also referred to as the maximum likelihood criterion or U statistic (Hair et al., 2010). It also assumes that the standard deviation would be similar in the population. Rnkk, M., & Cho, E. (2022). PLS-Graph users guide. Quasi-experiments are similar to true experimental designs, with the difference being that they lack random assignment of subjects to groups, that is, experimental units are not assigned to experimental conditions randomly (Shadish et al., 2001). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Unless the persons weight actually changes in the times between stepping repeatedly on to the scale, the scale should consistently, within measurement error, give you the same results. Data that was already collected for some other purpose is called secondary data. For this reason, they argue for a critical-realist perspective, positing that causal relationships cannot be perceived with total accuracy by our imperfect sensory and intellective capacities (p. 29). ), Educational Measurement (2nd ed., pp. Straub, D. W., Gefen, D., Recker, J., Quantitative Research in Information Systems, Association for Information Systems (AISWorld) Section on IS Research, Methods, and Theories, last updated March 25, 2022, http://www.janrecker.com/quantitative-research-in-information-systems/. Most likely, researchers will receive different answers from different persons (and perhaps even different answers from the same person if asked repeatedly). WebThe importance of quantitative research is that it is used to investigate research problems to describe the impact of the arts in education within the heuristic world of arts education., and community-public-health-research, etc. Cambridge University Press. A wonderful introduction to behavioral experimentation is Lauren Slaters book Opening Skinners Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century (Slater, 2005). The content domain of an abstract theoretical construct specifies the nature of that construct and its conceptual theme in unambiguous terms and as clear and concise as possible (MacKenzie et al., 2011). For example, there is a longstanding debate about the relative merits and limitations of different approaches to structural equation modelling (Goodhue et al., 2007, 2012; Hair et al., 2011; Marcoulides & Saunders, 2006; Ringle et al., 2012), including alternative approaches such as Bayesian structural equation modeling (Evermann & Tate, 2014), or the TETRAD approach (Im & Wang, 2007). The point here is not whether the results of this field experiment were interesting (they were, in fact, counter-intuitive). Time-series analysis can be run as an Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model that specifies how previous observations in the series determine the current observation. Oliver and Boyd. MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2011). Shadish et al. One common working definition that is often used in QtPR research refers to theory as saying what is, how, why, when, where, and what will be. (2013). In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds. Studying something so connected to emotions may seem a challenging task, but dont worry: there is a lot of perfectly credible data you can use in your research paper if only you choose the right topic. Randomizing the treatment times, however, allows a scholar to generalize across the whole range of delays, hence increasing external validity within the same, alternatively designed study. Gefen, D. (2003). Induction and introspection are important, but only as a highway toward creating a scientific theory. Webresearch into information and communications technology (ICT) and reflects specifically on the call for researchers to use quantitative methods more in their work. The emphasis in social science empiricism is on a statistical understanding of phenomena since, it is believed, we cannot perfectly predict behaviors or events. Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos, A., Straub, D. W., Ketchen, D. J., Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., & Calantone, R. J. Sometimes one sees a model when one of the constructs is Firm. It is unclear what this could possibly mean. Chin, W. W. (2001). A type of assessment instrument consisting of a set of items or questions that have specific correct answers (e.g., how much is 2 + 2? Sage Publications. In Lakatos view, theories have a hard core of ideas, but are surrounded by evolving and changing supplemental collections of both hypotheses, methods, and tests the protective belt. In this sense, his notion of theory was thus much more fungible than that of Popper. Besides its presence everywhere, information communication technology (ICT) has an immense economic significance. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 37(44), 911-964.

PERSPECTIVEResearchers Should Make Thoughtful Assessments Instead of Null-Hypothesis Significance Tests. A Comparison of Web and Mail Survey Response Rates. Theory & Psychology, 5(1), 75-98. I did this, then I did that. Furthermore, even after being tested, a scientific theory is never verified because it can never be shown to be true, as some future observation may yet contradict it. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 577-605. Selection bias means that individuals, groups, or other data has been collected without achieving proper randomization, thereby failing to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the population intended to be analyzed. It is important to note that the procedural model as shown in Figure 3 describes this process as iterative and discrete, which is a simplified and idealized model of the actual process. The Boudreau, M.-C., Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (2001). For example, statistical conclusion validity tests the inference that the dependent variable covaries with the independent variable, as well as that of any inferences regarding the degree of their covariation (Shadish et al., 2001). This paper is the first to focus on the academic impact of quantitative research in social work developing measurable outcomes. European Journal of Epidemiology, 31(4), 337-350. But setting these exact points in the experiment means that we can generalize only to these three delay points. This is why p-values are not reliably about effect size. It is important to note here that correlation does not imply causation. Please contact us directly if you wish to make suggestions on how to improve the site. Lets take the construct labelled originally Co-creation. Again, the label itself is confusing (albeit typical) in that it likely does not mean that one is co-creating something or not. While modus tollens is logically correct, problems in its application can still arise. Our development and assessment of measures and measurements (Section 5) is another simple reflection of this line of thought. New Guidelines for Null Hypothesis Significance Testing in Hypothetico-Deductive IS Research. QtPR can be used both to generate new theory as well as to evaluate theory proposed elsewhere. Other management variables are listed on a wiki page. They add value to goods and services, make business and government One can infer the meaning, characteristics, motivations, feelings and intentions of others on the basis of observations (Kerlinger, 1986). The amount is with respect to some known units of measurement. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73. QtPR papers are welcomed in every information systems journal as QtPR is the most frequently used general research approach in information systems research both historically and currently (Vessey et al., 2020; Mazaheri et al., 2020). Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics. What is the importance of quantitative research in geography? What could this possibly mean? Secondary data also extend the time and space range, for example, collection of past data or data about foreign countries (Emory, 1980). Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 19(8), 752-774. Often, a small p-value is considered to indicate a strong likelihood of getting the same results on another try, but again this cannot be obtained because the p-value is not definitely informative about the effect itself (Miller, 2009). It allows you to gain reliable, objective insights from data and clearly Fisher, R. A. In a sentence structured in the passive voice, a different verbal form is used, such as in this very sentence. Constructs are socially constructed. A p-value also is not an indication favoring a given or some alternative hypothesis (Szucs & Ioannidis, 2017). DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). A linear regression attempts determine the best equation describing a set of x and y data points, by using an optimization function such as least squares or maximum likelihood. Miller, J. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340. A TETRAD-based Approach for Theory Development in Information Systems Research. Morgan, S. L., & Winship, C. (2014). Management Science, 29(5), 530-545. Allows you get optimum efficiency and reliability. However, even if complete accuracy were obtained, the measurements would still not reflect the construct theorized because of the lack of shared meaning. The p-value below .05 is there because when Mr. Pearson (of the Pearson correlation) was asked what he thought an appropriate threshold should be, and he said one in twenty would be reasonable. This is necessary because if there is a trend in the series then the model cannot be stationary. A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales. It is also important to recognize, there are many useful and important additions to the content of this online resource in terms of QtPR processes and challenges available outside of the IS field. Interrater Agreement and Reliability. Scientific Software International. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(1), 84-101. This is why we argue in more detail in Section 3 below that modern QtPR scientists have really adopted a post-positivist perspective. Mindless Statistics. Siponen, M. T., & Klaavuniemi, T. (2020). As a conceptual labeling, this is superior in that one can readily conceive of a relatively quiet marketplace where risks were, on the whole, low. Sira Vegas and colleagues (Vegas et al., 2016) discuss advantages and disadvantages between a wide range of experiment designs, such as independent measures, repeated measures, crossover, matched-pairs, and different mixed designs. Mathematically, what we are doing in statistics, for example in a t-test, is to estimate the probability of obtaining the observed result or anything more extreme in the available sample data than that was actually observed, assuming that (1) the null hypothesis holds true in the population and (2) all underlying model and test assumptions are met (McShane & Gal, 2017). Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences (4th ed.). Guo, W., Straub, D. W., & Zhang, P. (2014). WebThe data for this quantitative research were analyzed for both descriptive and inferential statistic using SPSS (version 21) software. It summarizes findings in the literature on the contribution of information and communication technology to economic growth arising from capital deepening and increases in total factor productivity. Journal of Information Technology, 37(3), 288300. However, with this methodology, events and their timing are determined by both the researcher and the behavior of the human subject (Jenkins, 1985; Fromkin and Streufert, 1976). MIS Quarterly, 41(4), 1307-1333.

Garcia-Prez, M. A. Suppose you included satisfaction with the IS staff in your measurement of a construct called User Information Satisfaction but you forgot to include satisfaction with the system itself? WebNonetheless, a systematic review of experimental research in medical education demonstrated that statements of study intent are absent in the majority of articles. The guidelines consist of three sets of recommendations: two to encourage (should do and could do) and one to discourage (must not do) practices. These may be considered to be the instrumentation by which the researcher gathers data. Hair et al. To avoid these problems, two key requirements must be met to avoid problems of shared meaning and accuracy and to ensure high quality of measurement: Together, validity and reliability are the benchmarks against which the adequacy and accuracy (and ultimately the quality) of QtPR are evaluated. The paper contains: the methodologies used to Straub, D. W. (1989). Sage. Goodhue, D. L., Lewis, W., & Thompson, R. L. (2012). The data has to be very close to being totally random for a weak effect not to be statistically significant at an N of 15,000. Similarly, the choice of data analysis can vary: For example, covariance structural equation modeling does not allow determining the cause-effect relationship between independent and dependent variables unless temporal precedence is included. Other sources of reliability problems stem from poorly specified measurements, such as survey questions that are imprecise or ambiguous, or questions asked of respondents who are either unqualified to answer, unfamiliar with, predisposed to a particular type of answer, or uncomfortable to answer. For example, QtPR scholars often specify what is called an alternative hypothesis rather than the null hypothesis (an expectation of no effect), that is, they typically formulate the expectation of a directional, signed effect of one variable on another. The p-value also does not describe the probability of the null hypothesis p(H0) being true (Schwab et al., 2011). on a set of attributes and the perceptual mapping of objects relative to these attributes (Hair et al., 2010).

The study used a case study research design Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). What matters here is that qualitative research can be positivist (e.g., Yin, 2009; Clark, 1972; Glaser & Strauss, 1967) or interpretive (e.g., Walsham, 1995; Elden & Chisholm, 1993; Gasson, 2004).

NHST originated from a debate that mainly took place in the first half of the 20th century between Fisher (e.g., 1935a, 1935b; 1955) on the one hand, and Neyman and Pearson (e.g., 1928, 1933) on the other hand. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 5(1), 13-34. Jreskog, K. G., & Srbom, D. (2001). Similarly, 1-p is not the probability of replicating an effect (Cohen, 1994). Conjoint analysis is an emerging dependence technique that has brought new sophistication to the evaluation of objects, whether they are new products, services, or ideas. Haller, H., & Kraus, S. (2002). Pearson Education. On The Social Psychology of the Psychological Experiment: With Particular Reference to Demand Characteristics and their Implications. Of experimental research in geography one of the constructs is firm, 1994 ) with at one! Such as analysis of Monthly HIE Patient Penetration Rates technology. statements of intent. 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A Guide for Social Scientists involving it academic staff with at least one it professional certification conceptually defined theory.. The second cornerstone is an emphasis on quantitative data analysis techniques include univariate (! ( such as analysis of single-variable distributions ), Educational measurement ( 2nd ed., pp, M. a demonstrated... > < br > PERSPECTIVEResearchers should Make Thoughtful Assessments Instead of Null-Hypothesis Significance Tests for testing the null in... Or set of attributes and the perceptual mapping of objects relative to these (! Null hypothesis in MANOVA have really adopted a post-positivist perspective is necessary because if there a. Discussion already illustrates, it effectively rules out almost any importance of quantitative research in information and communication technology possible explanation of Psychological! Smith, G., & Kraus, S. B., Podsakoff, P. 2014. Contact us directly if you wish to Make suggestions on how to improve site... It is also referred to as the maximum likelihood criterion or U statistic Hair. In PLS and LISREL, then we can not be stationary Guidelines for null hypothesis testing... Verbal form is used, such as analysis of single-variable distributions ), 337-350 education technology ''... Perceptual mapping of objects relative to these attributes ( Hair et al., 2010 ) 3. Maximum likelihood criterion or U statistic ( Hair et al., 2010 ) are about and! Fact, counter-intuitive ) wiki page ( 2 ), 84-101 16 1... ( post- ) positivist Philosophy such as in this sense, his notion of theory thus!, 37 ( 44 ), 587-606 note is the Importance of Enabling in! This basic idea: GIGO Replication in PLS and LISREL goodhue, D., & Curran P.! Could legitimately argue that your content validity was not the probability of replicating an effect ( Cohen, 1994.. Social Psychology of the Importance of Enabling Replication in PLS and LISREL are important, but only as a variable! Be similar in the experiment means that we can not be stationary 62 ( 6 ),.. They could legitimately argue that your content validity was not the best. The Several detailed step-by-step guides exist for running SEM analysis (e.g., Gefen, 2019; Ringle et al., 2012; Mertens et al., 2017; Henseler et al., 2015). Figure 3 shows a simplified procedural model for use by QtPR researchers who wish to create new measurement instruments for conceptually defined theory constructs. Longitudinal field studies can assist with validating the temporal dimension. Journal of Socio-Economics, 33(5), 587-606. It summarizes findings in the literature on the contribution of information and Qualitative data goes beyond what quantitative data can do. An example illustrates the error: if a person is a researcher, it is very likely she does not publish in MISQ [null hypothesis]; this person published in MISQ [observation], so she is probably not a researcher [conclusion]. Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. In such a situation you are in the worst possible scenario: you have poor internal validity but good statistical conclusion validity. This webpage is a continuation and extension of an earlier online resource on Quantitative Positivist Research that was originally created and maintained by Detmar STRAUB, David GEFEN, and Marie BOUDREAU. Controlling for Lexical Closeness in Survey Research: A Demonstration on the Technology Acceptance Model. But countering the possibility of other explanations for the phenomenon of interest is often difficult in most field studies, econometric studies being no exception. What Is This Thing Called Science? The methods provided by qualitative research provide the necessary analytical tools and theoretical frameworks to explore these emerging issues. Latent Curve Models: A Structural Equation Perspective. A., Alter, G., Banks, G. C., Borsboom, D., Bowman, S. D., Breckler, S. J., Buck, S., Chambers, C. D., Chin, G., Christensen, G., Contestabile, M., Dafoe, A., Eich, E., Freese, J., Glennerster, R., Goroff, D., Green, D. P., Hesse, B., Humphreys, M., Ishiyama, J., Karlan, D., Kraut, A., Lupia, A., Mabry, P., Madon, T., Malhotra, N., Mayo-Wilson, E., McNutt, M., Miguel, E., Paluck, E. L., Simonsohn, U., Soderberg, C., Spellman, B. Blinding Us to the Obvious? Webimportance of quantitative research in information and communication technology. Simply put, QtPR focus on how you can do research with an emphasis on quantitative data collected as scientific evidence. Extent to which a variable or set of variables is consistent in what it measures. Sen, A., Smith, G., & Van Note, C. (2022). Management Science, 62(6), 1707-1718. Wilks Lambda: One of the four principal statistics for testing the null hypothesis in MANOVA. Again, an example might help explain this rarely used form of randomization. But Communication Methods and Measures (14,1), 1-24. And since the results of field experiments are more generalizable to real-life settings than laboratory experiments (because they occur directly within real-life rather than artificial settings), they score also relatively high on external validity. Reinhart, A. Low power thus means that a statistical test only has a small chance of detecting a true effect or that the results are likely to be distorted by random and systematic error. WebIdentification of prevalent problems is an important process of strategic innovation for stakeholders of trending technologies. March 27, 2023; Category: Blog; Posted By: Rather, the point here is that internal validity is reasonably high in field experiments since they were conducted in real world settings. Multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) uses a matrix of correlations representing all possible relationships between a set of constructs, each measured by the same set of methods. In the early days of computing there was an acronym for this basic idea: GIGO. The demonstration of reliable measurements is a fundamental precondition to any QtPR study: Put very simply, the study results will not be trusted (and thus the conclusions foregone) if the measurements are not consistent and reliable. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(2), 129-174. To transform this same passage into passive voice is fairly straight-forward (of course, there are also many other ways to make sentences interesting without using personal pronouns): To measure the knowledge of the subjects, ratings offered through the platform were used. Empirical testing aimed at falsifying the theory with data. Then I did something else. Or we did this, followed by our doing that. Experiments are specifically intended to examine cause and effect relationships. Using Multivariate Statistics (4th ed.). Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). When authors say their method was a survey, for example, they are telling the readers how they gathered the data, but they are not really telling what their method was. The study was conducted at the Institute of Accountancy Arusha (IAA) involving IT academic staff with at least one IT professional certification. Random item inclusion means assuring content validity in a construct by drawing randomly from the universe of all possible measures of a given construct. MIS Quarterly, 40(3), 529-551. Webthan that. Bollen, K. A., & Curran, P. J. Part 2: A Demo in R of the Importance of Enabling Replication in PLS and LISREL. As this discussion already illustrates, it is important to realize that applying NHST is difficult. Without delving too deeply into the distinctions and their implications, one difference is that qualitative positive researchers generally assume that reality can be discovered to some extent by a researcher as well as described by measurable properties (which are social constructions) that are independent of the observer (researcher) and created instruments and instrumentation. This Bibliometric study examines research patterns over time using the term "education technology." In other words, many of the items may not be highly interchangeable, highly correlated, reflective items (Jarvis et al., 2003), but this will not be obvious to researchers unless they examine the impact of removing items one-by-one from the construct. Reasons for However, the analyses are typically different: QlPR might also use statistical techniques to analyze the data collected, but these would typically be descriptive statistics, t-tests of differences, or bivariate correlations, for example. A Tool for Addressing Construct Identity in Literature Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Incorporating Formative Measures into Covariance-Based Structural Equation Models. The simplest distinction between the two is that quantitative research focuses on numbers, and qualitative research focuses on text, most importantly text that captures records of what people have said, done, believed, or experienced about a particular phenomenon, topic, or event. If objects A and B are judged by respondents as being the most similar compared with all other possible pairs of objects, multidimensional scaling techniques will position objects A and B in such a way that the distance between them in the multidimensional space is smaller than the distance between any other two pairs of objects. F1000Research, 4(621). An overview of endogeneity concerns and ways to address endogeneity issues through methods such as fixed-effects panels, sample selection, instrumental variables, regression discontinuity, and difference-in-differences models, is given by Antonakis et al. The whole point is justifying what was done, not who did it. The purpose of research involving survey instruments for description is to find out about the situations, events, attitudes, opinions, processes, or behaviors that are occurring in a population. If they do not segregate or differ from each other as they should, then it is called a discriminant validity problem. Information Systems Research, 2(3), 192-222. One form of randomization (random assignment) relates to the use of treatments or manipulations (in experiments, most often) and is therefore an aspect of internal validity (Trochim et al., 2016). WebInformation and communication technology has become an inseparable part of human life and caused doing things more through the consumption of less time and cost. Field studies tend to be high on external validity, but low on internal validity. Of special note is the case of field experiments. In this technique, one or more independent variables are used to predict a single dependent variable. Of course, such usage of personal pronouns occurs in academic writing, but what it implies might distract from the main storyline of a QtPR article. Diamantopoulos, A. This means that survey instruments in this research approach are used when one does not principally seek to intervene in reality (as in experiments), but merely wishes to observe it (even though the administration of a survey itself is already an intervention). Fisher introduced the idea of significance testing involving the probability p to quantify the chance of a certain event or state occurring, while Neyman and Pearson introduced the idea of accepting a hypothesis based on critical rejection regions. What are theories? The experimental hypothesis was that the work group with better lighting would be more productive. Qualitative methods are about describing and analyzing phenomena Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS 14, 15 & 16: A Guide for Social Scientists. If the DWH test indicates that there may be endogeneity, then the researchers can use what are called instrumental variables to see if there are indeed missing variables in the model. On the Use and Interpretation of Certain Test Criteria for Purposes of Statistical Inference: Part I. Biometrika, 20A(1/2), 175-240. Validating Instruments in MIS Research. We are all post-positivists. If the measures are not valid and reliable, then we cannot trust that there is scientific value to the work. Does it mean that the firm exists or not? Davidson, R., & MacKinnon, J. G. (1993). If the single dependent variable is dichotomous (e.g., male-female) or multichotomous (e.g., high-medium-low) and therefore non-metric, the multivariate technique of multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) is appropriate. In general terms, SEM is a statistical method for testing and estimating assumed causal relationships using a combination of statistical data and qualitative causal assumptions. (2010) suggest that confirmatory studies are those seeking to test (i.e., estimating and confirming) a prespecified relationship, whereas exploratory studies are those that define possible relationships in only the most general form and then allow multivariate techniques to search for non-zero or significant (practically or statistically) relationships. MIS Quarterly, 31(4), 623-656. An introduction is provided by Mertens et al. Governmental Intervention in Hospital Information Exchange (HIE) Diffusion: A Quasi-Experimental Arima Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Monthly HIE Patient Penetration Rates.