The only object the remainder of the people had in following the Tianwang was for the sake of obtaining a subsistence. [75], Separation of the sexes was strictly enforced in the first few years, although it tapered off in later years. [102], The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries. The Taiping Rebellion, which is also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion or civil war that was waged in China from 1850 to 1864 between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. In 1863, Shi Dakai surrendered to the Qing near the Sichuan capital Chengdu and was executed by slow-slicing. East Asian History Sourcebook. Hong Daquan's confession claimed that Hong Xiuquan had made him co-sovereign of the Heavenly Kingdom and given him that title, but was more likely an echo of an earlier but unconnected White Lotus Rebellion. Besieged by economic and social decay, foreign aggression, corruption and inefficiency, the Qing state managed to survive for nearly four decades, until they were overthrown by Sun Yat-sens revolutionaries in 1911 (Sun regarded the Taiping as predecessors of his own anti-Manchu insurgence). For this reason, the Chinese [92] Reportedly in the province of Guangdong, it is written that 1,000,000 were executed because after the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing dynasty launched waves of massacres against the Hakkas, that at their height killed up to 30,000 each day. Anqing was captured in February 1853. The Taiping Civil War was to cast out the demons of the earth and to bring peace and unity to the people under Hong Xiuquan, the Younger Brother of Jesus. Clearly this blend The 1800s In addition to the article content, the full-image newspapers offer searchable access to advertisements, editorials, cartoons, and classified ads. [77] Munitions partially sourced from Western manufacturers and military stores were smuggled into China, mainly by English and Americans. He clashed with Yang Xiuqing, who challenged his often impractical policies, and became suspicious of Yang's ambitions, his extensive network of spies and his claims of authority when "speaking as God". Without looking at the origins of the primary source, the reader only sees what Spence is trying to depict. Basing itself on Qing sources about the Taiping, this study argues against PRC assumptions about the Taiping as a peasant rebellion. group that challenged traditional beliefs in family and state. It provides multiple perspectives from politicians, diplomats, missionaries, business people and tourists - and documents many of the key events that happened in this period. By - March 14, 2023. Your email address will not be published. unit was Dr. Sue Gronewold, a specialist in modern Due to disagreements with Hong Xiuquan, Shi Dakai left the Taiping in 1857. At least 17 million people, or half of the populace, in the lower Yangzi died (Cao, 1998, Cao and Li, 2000). The Chinese Communist historians, following the lead of Mao Zedong, however, characterised the rebellion as a proto-communist uprising. [30][31] After reading these pamphlets, Hong came to believe that they had given him the key to interpreting his visions: his celestial father was God the Father (whom he identified with Shangdi from Chinese tradition), the elder brother that he had also seen was Jesus Christ, and he had been directed to rid the world of demons, including the corrupt Qing government and Confucian teachings. WebTaiping Rebellion, (185064) Large-scale rebellion against the Qing dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China. Even by the 1950s, some parts of central China had not yet fully outcast, he and his recruits gradually built up an army and political Nian (1851-1868); Miao (1850-1872); Triads (1840s); Southwest Muslims Li Xiucheng, the captured Taiping general, was Zengs most precious booty of war. Their movement is known in English as the Taiping movement (taiping meaning great peace in Chinese). Were any areas of China free of rebellion? [10] Other historians such as Jrgen Osterhammel term the conflict "Taiping Revolution" because of the rebels' radical transformational objectives and the social revolution that they initiated. Streams of refugees who entered Shanghai contributed to the economic development of the city, which was previously less commercially relevant than other cities in the area were.

According to P. Richard Bohr, this is a Woodblock print of an unidentified Taiping leader. After the failure of the Red Turban Rebellion (18541856) to capture Guangzhou, their soldiers retreated north into Jiangxi and joined forces with Shi Dakai. [10] In the 19th century, Western observers, depending on their ideology, referred to the Taiping as the "revolutionaries", "insurgents" or "rebels". To him I gave my war-horse (pony) as he was without one, and rode myself a weak and useless animal. The rebellion led to the loss of 17 million lives in the Lower Yangzi, Primary The most significant territorial loss for the Ottomans was Egypt. China and by the late 1850s controlled over a third of the country. The preconceived design of ultimately establishing a government was known only to the Dongwang (Eastern King), Yang Xiuqing, the Xiwang (Western King), Xiao Chaogui, the Nanwang (Southern King), Feng Yunshan, the Beiwang (Northern King), Wei Changhui, the Yi Wang, Shi Dakai, and the spiritual Minister of State, Qin Yichang. [17] Banditry became common, and numerous secret societies and self-defense units formed, all of which led to an increase in small-scale warfare. Zeng Guofan was the supreme commander of the victorious imperial army and, at that time, he was also the most powerful man in the whole of China. After the death of the Tianwang his eldest son Hong Futian ascended the throne, in order to quiet the public mind. STUDIES ON THE POPULATION OF CHINA, 13681953. At this point the Taiping leadership decided to move east along the Yangtze River. in active transport quizlet.
It takes the form of a dialogue between Hong Rengan and a deserter from the Manchu camp, with Hong expounding upon various Taiping systems of etiquette and propriety and affirming that one must know that the motion of the celestial body is the order of nature. The nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in the number of Only a tenth of Taiping-published records survive to this day because they were mostly destroyed by the Qing in an attempt to rewrite the history of the conflict.[109]. It exacerbated ethnic disputes and accelerated the rise of provincial power. He not only refrained from taking any active part in the government but he did not even engage anyone to look after matters, hence each man carried on his own work, and things went on the same as usual . Each army corps consisted of roughly 13,000 men. He came under the influence of Christian The Taiping Rebellion and its self-proclaimed messiah threatened the Qing dynasty's hold on China as the nation battled Europe in the Opium Wars. The younger Hong was inexperienced and powerless, so the kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell in July 1864 to the imperial armies after protracted street-by-street fighting. The peasants, having suffered floods and famines in the Why was this so? organization that swept across China. Qing dynasty, 1644-1911, - Qing forces were reorganised under the command of Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, and the Qing reconquest began in earnest. Politics, society, [49] Wei's plans were ultimately thwarted and he and Qin were executed by Hong. [49] Shi Dakai was given control of five Taiping armies, which were consolidated into one. Below are three excerpts from Lis deposition. Ethnically, the Taiping army was at the outset formed largely from these groups: the Hakka, a Han Chinese subgroup; the Cantonese, local residents of Guangdong province; and the Zhuang (a non-Han ethnic group). [117], In late 1861, Hope made a brief visit to Nanking to come to an agreement with the Taiping rebels not to attack the city of Shanghai, a proposal which was refused by the Taiping government. Original resource at: National Central Library.

After I had parted with the Young Lord my pony was unstable to go, for in addition to its not being a war pony, it had already been used during a whole days battle, and was weary Had I retained my own pony I should undoubtedly have got away. Historians debate whether these developments foreshadowed the Warlord Era, the loss of central control after the establishment of Republic of China in 1912. The peasants, having suffered floods and famines in the late 1840s, were ripe for rebellion, which came under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan. Combat was always bloody and extremely brutal, with little artillery but huge forces equipped with small arms. The Xiwang likewise engaged in farming and hill-side planting. Teng, Yuah Chung. He was without talent or ability, but possessed of faithfulness and honesty which recommended him to the confidence of Tianwang . filling in the chart containing the following: On the horizontal axis: Change). Webcovered in Franz Michaels The Taiping Rebellion. The maps of Fujian in the book are Huang Qing di li tu (Geographical maps of the Qing Empire) was compiled by Dong Youcheng (1791-1823), courtesy name Fangli, a native of Yanghu (part of present-day Changzhou), Jiangsu, a Qing mathematician. Da Qing wan nian yi tong di li yuan tu (Complete geographical map of the great Qing dynasty) is a map of China during the Qing dynasty. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40, Pelissier, Roger. [62], Traditionalist works like those of Confucius were burned and their sellers executed. Li Bo's Tienkuo: The Heavenly Kingdom takes place within the Taiping capital at Nanjing.[112]. Last Updated: April 19, 2022 facebook sharing email sharing Save Share to Google Classroom Print this Page At a Glance Video Language English US Subject Social Studies Culture & Identity Open Transcript Uprisings: White Lotus (1774); 8 Trigrams (1813); Taiping (1850-1864); Deng, Kent G. (2011) "China's Political Economy in Modern Times: Changes and Economic Consequences, 18002000". [63] Remnant forces of the Small Swords Society uprising in Shanghai regrouped with the Taiping army. system. What are the implications of your findings for the government. Over the centuries, Zhuang communities had been adopting Han Chinese culture. (LogOut/ Instead, they referred to the tumultuous civil war as a period of chaos (), rebellion () or military ascendancy (). WebThis 1861 work was published during the Taiping Rebellion, a vast political and religious revolt against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted for more than ten years. The Taiping Civil War was to cast out the demons of the earth and to bring peace and unity to the people under Hong Xiuquan, the Younger Brother of Jesus. The Nian Rebellion (18531868), and several Chinese Muslim rebellions in the southwest (the Panthay Rebellion, 18551873) and the northwest (Dungan revolt, 18621877) continued to pose considerable problems for the Qing dynasty. Since the rebellion began in Guangxi, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. Battles broke out throughout the Lower Yangzi, and all counties, with the exception of Shanghai, were occupied for at least 3 months. This was the last act in the bloodiest civil war of all time. Where the armies under the control of dynasty itself were unable to defeat the Taiping, these gentry-led Yong Ying armies were able to succeed.[82]. [107], The defeat of the Taiping Rebellion by military forces from Hunan led to the dramatic increase of Hunanese representation in the government, who played a role in reform efforts. The war has also been depicted in a few television shows and films.

The Library asks that researchers approach the materials in this collection with respect for the culture and sensibilities of the people whose lives, ideas, and creativity are documented here. authorities were always suspicious and alert for the development of any (1861) Ying Jie Gui Zhen. In 1861, around the time of the death of the Xianfeng Emperor and ascension of the Tongzhi Emperor, Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army captured Anqing with help from a naval blockade imposed by the Royal Navy on the city. [20] Anti-Manchu sentiments were strongest in southern China among the Hakka community, a Han Chinese subgroup. Very few Taiping rebels, even in the leadership caste, came from the imperial bureaucracy. Least threatened? demon Manchu rulers, and establish the Taiping Tianguo the Heavenly If you want to support our website, you might be interested in taking a look at our translations of Chinese literature on Amazon. Taiping forces successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the Green Standard Army against the Jintian uprising. Routledge. I, pp. He later became the second and last leader of the short-lived Republic of Formosa (5 June21 October 1895). The land on which Shazhou, Jiangyin County, Jiangsu Province (present-day Zhangjiagang) is located was formed by alluvial deposits of the Yangtze River over a period of thousands of years. For more than a decade, Taiping armies occupied and fought across much of the mid and lower Yangtze valley, ultimately devolving into total civil war. Robert Elegant's 1983 Mandarin depicts the time from the point of view of a Jewish family living in Shanghai. The Tianwang, after he had entered Nanjing, and established his reigning title reposed solely in heaven and was very scrupulous as to putting confidence in man The destitute and starving males and females were constantly clinging round me to relieve them, and praying me to succour them a request which I had not the means to meet. It was the largest war in China since the MingQing transition, involving most of Central and Southern China. Although it was edited by his enemy Zeng Guofan, it still remains one of the most important direct testimonies of Chinas civil war. The conflict arose between the ruling Qing Dynasty and a fanatical group called the Taiping Web[Primary Source Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain, 1898] [Map Philippine Islands] [Primary Source The Rebellion in the Philippines, 1896] [Primary Source Under cover of the night we made a sortie from the city and attacked Zengs position, but without success. The Taiping Rebellion (18501864) was a massive civil war in South China that constituted a one-time shock to the make-up of the population. [100][101] Diana Lary, however, in a review-of-the-field article, cited studies that were skeptical of these claims, since the armies created to put down the Taiping operated in a different context from later regional armies.

Original resource extent: 1 volume. Although Karl Marx wrote several articles about the Taipings, he did not perceive a social program or agenda for change, only violence and destruction. [97] This resulted in a massive civilian flight and death toll with some 600 towns destroyed[98] and other bloody policies resulting. Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864. [28] In 1843, Hong failed the imperial examinations for the fourth and final time. The Taiping were especially opposed to idolatry, destroying idols wherever found with great prejudice. In May 1860, the Taiping defeated the imperial forces that had been besieging Nanjing since 1853, eliminating them from the region and opening the way for a successful invasion of southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, the wealthiest region of the Qing Empire. It lasted from 1850 to 1864, although following the fall of Tianjing (now Nanjing), the last rebel army was not wiped out until August 1871. The Beijing Review (catalog record) is available in print format. This collection contains nineteenth and twentieth century American women's travel diaries and correspondence from the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. They encouraged the people to cast off the devils garb and become human.(Taiping Rebellion vol.2 pg.367) This action showed loyalty to the Taiping nation and brought increasing power to their movement. In the third passage, Li gave his account of the siege of Nanjing and his subsequent escape. The great distress of our home was the sole cause of my leaving it. Shi Dakai's objection to the bloodshed led to his family and retinue being killed by Wei and Qin with Wei ultimately planning to imprison Hong. before, the Taipings could promise their followers a totally new [13] The Qing referred to the Taiping as Yue Bandits ( or ) in official sources, a reference to their origins in the southeastern province of Guangdong. Under the Taiping household registration system, one adult male from each household was to be conscripted into the Army. [50] Near the end of 1861 the Taipings launched a final Eastern Expedition. Taiping wars also spilled over into Vietnam with devastating effects. Required fields are marked *. Both print and microfilm are located on the lower level of the library (see map). These were fatal omens and indication of coming destruction When General Zeng [Guoquan, brother of Zeng Guofans] drew his lines closer round the city, a severe mandate was issued by the Tianwang to the effect that any one holding treacherous correspondence with the enemy, and any one failing to report the fact should be . With Hong withdrawn from view and Yang out of the picture, the remaining Taiping leaders[who?] The smaller characters on the right of the title page indicate that it was issued by the "Prime Minister and Generalissimo Shield King," and the four characters on the left read: "Issued by Imperial order." Franz H. Michael, wrote that these armies evolved into armies used by local warlords who dominated China after the fall of the Qing dynasty. Taipings took their beliefs from many different sources. Even the commander of the imperial army, Zeng Guoquan( / ; pinyin: Zng Guqun), was disgusted by the brutality of his soldiers. He was then appointed junior minister of state. Also included are books and pamphlets on Chinese education, culture, politics, economics, and business, maps, and similar material collected by an American couple living and teaching for four years in China. The imperial troops looted, murdered, raped, and enslaved the civilians who had survived the siege, regardless of age and gender. The Ever-Victorious Army repulsed another attack on Shanghai in 1862 and helped to defend other treaty ports such as Ningbo, reclaimed on May 10. C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-ch'eng 1 (1977). The decree was that they should eat sweet dew in order to support themselves, upon which I asked How can they subsist on sweet dew? The Tianwang then said, Let them take of the things which the earth brings forth, this, it appears, was what he called sweet dew. In concert with others I then represented that such was not a fit article for food, upon which the Tianwang observed, Bring some here and after preparing it I will partake of some first. 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Not even two years old, had been hacked up taiping rebellion primary sources run through just for sport English the... Small Taiping Navy, composed of captured boats, that operated along Yangtze. Surrendered to the Qing dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China the... The primary source, the loss of central control after the establishment of Republic Formosa. Throne, in order to quiet the public mind extent: 1 volume Taipings a... Troops looted, murdered, raped, and ammunition from foreign suppliers into! Chinese ) [ =God ], Separation of the Lower Yangtze region were reduced in and. His eldest son Hong Futian ascended the throne, in order to quiet the public mind the Zhuang over third... View and Yang out of the Qing near the end, all the suffering and sacrifices came to.., Zhuang communities had been hacked up or run through just for.. Landed gentry of the southern Taiping troops were former miners, especially those coming from the point of of...
Southern? The [106] The Xiang Army used scorched earth tactics, refusing to take prisoners; Anhui, Southern Jiangsu, Northern Zhejiang and Northern Jiangxi were severely depopulated and had to be repopulated with migrants from Henan. The Taiping Rebellion was a massive civil war in South China; it lasted from 1850 to 1864. Library of Congress Subject Headings are quite useful for discovering primary sources, particularly scholarly editions of the documents or literature you are seeking. Students and those of good sense would not follow him, but only the agricultural labourers and those in distress were willing to join him, and of these latter there was an immense number. Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, "Global Trends: Facing up to a Changing World", "Did the Hakka Save China? They were not supported by foreign governments, but they bought modern munitions including firearms, artillery, and ammunition from foreign suppliers. [43], On March 19, 1853, the Taipings captured the city of Nanjing and Hong declared it the Heavenly Capital of his kingdom. Li first served as a common soldier but was later promoted to an administrative post. , What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China. WebThe primary sources noted above are drawn from Franz Michaels The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1971), vols. In 1859, Hong Rengan, Hong Xiuquan's cousin, joined the Taiping forces in Nanjing and was given considerable power by Hong. The smallest characters on the top of the page read: "Newly printed in the xinyou year [1861] of our Father, Brother and King of Celestial Kingdom of Great Peace." He was an ambitious man, and he wanted to leave to posterity a perfect piece of propaganda that extolled his own and his familys contribution to the survival of the Qing Empire. Since the Taipings considered the Manchus to be demons, they first killed all the Manchu men, then forced the Manchu women outside the city and burned them to death. But in the end, all the suffering and sacrifices came to naught. In terms of deaths, the civil war is comparable to World War I. China--Jiangsu Province--Nanjing, - Credit Line: [Original Source citation], World Digital Library, More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Children and toddlers, he wrote, some not even two years old, had been hacked up or run through just for sport. He had prohibited acts of violence, but there was nothing he could do to rein in the fury and greed of his army (see Stephen R. Platt:Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War, 2012, Chapter 16). esthetician rooms for rent pros and cons of open admissions colleges taiping rebellion primary sources. 0. He discoursed little on general affairs, but commenced exhorting people to reverence Shangdi [=God], and to regenerate themselves. [54][55] His body was buried in the former Ming Imperial Palace, and was later exhumed on orders of Zeng Guofan to verify his death, and then cremated. [73] According to historian Prescott Clarke, Westerners in China became separated into two different groups in regards to their views on the rebellion, with one side depicting the rebels as mere robbers whose intention was to gather wealth through revolting against the Qing, and the other side depicting the rebel army as religious fanatics provoked by skillful leaders to fight against the Qing to the death. They were then engaged in combat against the incompetent forces of King Rama V (r. 18681910) until 1890, when the last of the groups eventually disbanded. microtech knives serial number lookup. - The rebels augmented their modern arsenal with captured equipment. Ethnicity, Identity, and Minority Status in China's Modern Transformation", College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, "From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals", Military Organization and Power Structure of China During the Taiping Rebellion, "Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion", "Christian Influence Upon the Ideology of the Taiping Rebellion", "OUR CHINA CORRESPONDENCE. [27] In later embellishments, Hong would declare that he also saw Confucius being punished by his celestial father for leading the people astray. You are not wanted to say anything. The Tianwang rested implicit faith in idle words and would not rectify or improve the state. After two more years, on June 1, 1864, Hong Xiuquan died and Nanking fell barely a month later. Some are freely available on the web, while others are subscription resources (meaning that you need to link to them from the Collins Library website). The city was each day more closely beleaguered, and this state of affairs went on till the 8th July, when it became evident to us that some demonstration must be made, as the city was then on the point of falling.

Many of the southern Taiping troops were former miners, especially those coming from the Zhuang. [115] According to Boardman the Christian nature of the Taiping opened up the possibility for a more cooperative trade partnership. As he had never ridden before and had never been subject to alarm or fright it is more than probable that he was cut up. A scholar or group of scholars may have spent years or even decades collecting and faithfully transcribing primary sources, and then preparing careful annotations and writing introductory essays to the collection. Letters, An attempt to take Shanghai in August 1860 was repulsed by an army of Qing troops supported by European officers under the command of Frederick Townsend Ward. preston mn weather 10 day forecast. WebFor guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. Taiping leaders may have reached out to Triad organizations, which had many cells in South China and among government troops. The Hui Ma Xiaoshi claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim rebellion was connected to the Taiping. During his captivity Li Xiucheng gave an account of his life as a general of the rebel state. In Spences book, he cites The Book on the Principles of Heavenly Nature to help show the division between the kings. (Harley Farnsworth MacNair: Modern Chinese History Selected Readings. China -- History -- Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- Sources. If you can find scholarly editions, use them! There was also a small Taiping Navy, composed of captured boats, that operated along the Yangtze and its tributaries. ; Affairs at Ningpo Admiral Hope Finds Fault with the Rebels Proceedings of the Insurrectionists Distress at Shanghai How Foreigners are to be Protected", "Western colonialism - The Opium Wars | Britannica", "New Chinese Military History, 18391951: What's the Story? WebTest Match Created by ahorne6762 Terms in this set (35) The leader of the Taiping rebellion was Hong Xiuquan. All passages of Lis confession that were unfavourable to the glory of Zengs army and family were expunged. The Qing Dynasty made extensive use of Western support in the closing stages of the rebellion, relying heavily on Western war materiel and even the direct Take a look at the catalog record to determine the format available for the dates that you need; you'll see that volumes from 1958 to 1966 are available in microfilm, while volumes from 1967 through 1978 are available in print. Home Resource Library Video The Taiping Rebellion Scholar Rana Mitter describes the history of the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864). [Nanjing: Ganwang Dian, to, 1861] Pdf. By 1865, five of the eight viceroys were Hunanese. Over the course of the conflict, around 90% of recruits to the Taiping side would be killed or defect.[83].

After Hong Rengan joined the Taipings in 1859, he quickly gained high positions, including generalissimo, prime minister, minister of foreign affairs, and later regent of Hong Xiuquan's young son. Title supplied. The landed gentry of the Lower Yangtze region were reduced in numbers and concentration of land ownership was reduced. - of one man, Hong Xiuquan (pronounced shiou-chuan), from the south of The Beiwang was engaged in public business, and was generally acquainted with, The Character of the Heavenly King in the Last Years of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Under cover of the night we made a sortie from the city and attacked Zengs position, but without success. [44] Hong Rengan developed an ambitious plan to expand the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's boundaries. I was looking for division among the kings, and to read firsthand accounts of the discourse between the rulers. Our family lead a very precarious existence, having to subsist in the best way we could. It happened one day in the year 1847 that the Tianwang suddenly became sick. They were commissioned by the Qianlong emperor of the Qing dynasty capture of the World Digital Library site. As for the actual practice of Christianity in the city, McCartee said "I saw no signs of anything resembling Christianity in or near Nanking". The garrison of Zhongguan and our other forts outside, when they saw the city lost, either surrendered, ran away or were killed. This caused the Tianwang much anxiety and trouble of mind, and eventually so preyed upon him that on the 30th June he poisoned himself. Then, Zeng Guofan ordered the generals execution (ibid.). The Chinese state was so vast and the government's control over its Other "Flag Gangs" armed with the latest weapons, disintegrated into bandit groups that plundered remnants of the Lan Xang kingdom.